Cafs Irp How Does Drinking Alcohol Affect the Wellbeing...

HSC assessment 2012 Community and Family Studies Independent research Project â€Å"How does drinking alcohol affect the wellbeing of teenage girls (between the ages of 14-17)† Contents Title Page Contents List of tables and figures Abstract Acknowledgements Introduction Literature Reviews Methodologies Results Analysis and Discussion Summary and Conclusion Bibliography Appendix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-15 16 19-24 25 26 27-28 29-37 List of tables and Figures How old are you? When was the first time you tried alcohol? How often do you drink? What type of drinker are you? If you drink, why do you think is the reason that you drink? Have you ever been put in a dangerous situation involving alcohol? Who do you think†¦show more content†¦According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Many young people are facing the consequences of excessive drinking, at a too early age. Because of this issue, underage drinking is a leading public health problem. Each year, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking including about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,600 as a result of homicides, 300 from suicide, as well as hundreds from other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings (1–5). The answer and research to this topic is demonstrated by primary and secondary research, primary such as interviews and surveys, secondary such as news articles, internet articles and research fact sheets. Within primary sources, participants were surveyed at random, but knowing their age first so I can conduct surveys to an equal amount of age groups. Information from primary sources is kept anonymous for ethics and for honesty in answers. The effects of girl’s underage drinking are negative and dangerous to a girl’s well-being due to the consequences of underage drinking and the fact that their bodies are more vulnerable to alcohol than boys. Health risks of underage drinking include brain effects, liver effects and growth and endocrine effects which may especially affect teenage girls. Consequences girl’s may face due to underage drinking include, Academic problems, Menstrual problems, Poor overall health, Mental health problems, Accidents,

Strategic Decision Level Of Strategic Decisions - 1494 Words

1.1.1 Strategic decision level Strategic decision level plays the most important role in any company. They decide the success of the company and they have long period indication towards the company. They involve in most of the departures from practices and procedures. Strategic decisions are unstructured and the manager has to imply his or her business decision, interpretation and instinct into the problem. These decisions depend on some parts of information from environmental factors which are unclear and effective. Strategic decisions are made by the higher level of management. Tactical decision level Tactical decision level is connected to the execution of strategic decisions. They are coordinated towards divisional plans, structuring†¦show more content†¦For example, Shell will invest approximately $80 million to clean up the pollution at Horsehead site in Monaca, Beaver country. The land was the largest zinc smelter in the nation which brings a great disturbance. Shell is setting up the site for a multibillion-dollar petrochemical complex. Shell has the intention to raise the ground level by about six feet and top the metal-loaded soil with concrete, streets and buildings has been permitted by the state Department of Environmental Protection. Shell’s analysis discovered high levels of lead, arsenic and some other contaminants in the soil and groundwater. The analysis assessed a few alternatives including digging up all the contaminated soil. Shell will put between five to seven feet of clean soil on the ground to keep rain water from streaming through the pollut ed soil layer. Gutters will be built in fragments for two streams going through the property and the organization has installed retention ponds and water treatment system to keep the pollution flowing in to the Ohio river. Shell is drafting the deed it arrangements to file with the Beaver County Clerk of Courts that will determine that the contaminated groundwater from the site can’t be used for drinking or farming. 1.1.3 Unstructured decision Unstructured decision is a decision that will probably get the right answers, it is unknown that can get the correct answer. These decisions are based on

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

Question: Discuss about the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Answer: Introduction At the present time public companies are obliged by Corporation Act 2001 in order to prepare GPFRs (General Purpose Financial Reports) at least once a year and also communicate the GPFRs to the users those desire to know the financial performance of the organizations. On the other hand, there are a lot of regulations as well as guidelines that the public companies must follow in the preparation of the GPFRs (Kieso, Warfield Weygandt, 2011). Furthermore, due to some exceptions, private companies are not compelled to prepare GPFRs. Along with this, this research essay would be beneficial to describe the importance of GPFRs for the business organization. Moreover, the essay would also be helpful to articulate the difference between GPFRs and Special Purpose Financial Statements. In addition to this, the essay would also be valuable to describe the reason behind that the true and fair view requirement is a central component of Australian financial reporting. Also, this essay would be advantageous to illustrate the reasons behind that only public companies, but not the private companies, require to produce GPFRs. Finally, this research paper will express International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Importance of GPFRs In fact, the GPFRs are very important for the business organizations. The main reason behind it is that, GPFRs play a significant role in order to reveal transparency and to develop trust between the organization and investors of that particular organization. Along with this, GPFRs are issued by the business organizations in order to give support to investors as well as creditors in the decision making process. GPFRs mainly take in balance sheet, income statement, cash flows statement, and statement of retained earnings to prepare financial reports in an appropriate way (Mather, Ramsay Serry, 1996). Moreover, the set of financial statements is labeled as general purpose as a result of it involves all the essential financial statements that may be used by the people to perform a lot of business activities. In addition to this, public companies use GPFRs in order to communicate the performance as well as competence of the companies with the outer people of the organization. On the other hand, GPFRs are also helpful for both creditors as well as investors in order to foresee the future performance of the company (Bazley, Hancock, Robinson, 2014). Moreover, with the help of GPFRs, the investors of the firm would be able to analyze the ability of the firm to pay off its current as well as future debts in a proper way. In addition to this, GPFRs are important because of these reports play a vital role in order to provide more financial information to the potential investors of the company; so they can make their decision about the investments in an effective and a significant way. Also, GPFRs are not designed to explain the value of a business organization. In contrast, GPFRs play a major role to give information related to the organization to its existing as well as potential investors; so they may estimate the value of the organization in an accurate way (Krambia-Kapardis Clark, 2010). For that reason, it can be said that, GPFRs are very important for t he business organizations and they must prepare GPFRs to provide accurate information about the companies to the investors, lenders and creditors. Difference between General Purpose Financial Reports and Special Purpose Financial Statements There are a lot of differences between General Purpose Financial Reports and special purpose financial statements. For case, a general purpose financial report is a common audit report that endorses the compliance with the appropriate accounting standards simply. Apart from this, a special purpose financial report or statement is a report that is not categorized as a GPFR (Elliott Elliott, 2007). A special purpose financial statement is a statement that is prepared by using a special purpose framework to outfit the specific needs of users who be going to use it. In opposite to this, a GPFR is prepared in order to meet the specific needs of the users who are totally depending on the information. On the other hand, the special purpose framework makes GPFRs and special purpose differ from one another. For case, GPFRs are prepared for the public use whereas special purpose financial statements intended for the draw on of internal users (Henderson, Peirson, Herbohn, Howieson, 2015). In other words, it also can be said that special purpose financial reports are only used by the management or particular external users such as: government bodies, banks, and so on of the firm. In addition to this, the GPFRs disclose more financial information related to the firm that enhances the level of transparency and accountability in an effective way. But, special purpose financial statements release less financial information that condenses the level of transparency as well as accountability (Albrecht, Stice, Stice, 2007). Apart from this, GPFRs are helpful to satisfy the needs of the users while special purpose is unable to satisfy the requests of users. The main reason behind it is that GPFRs disclose all the information related to the financial statements of the firm. But, special purpose reveals little information linked to the financial statements of the firm. Moreover, GPFRs require more time as well as cost to prepare while special purpose needs few time and charge in order to get ready. In other words, it can be said that, special purpose financial statements are faster and cheaper to arrange than GPFRs (Berrington, Bhandari, 2011). In this way, these are the major difference between the GPFRs and special purpose financial statements. True and Fair View Requirement is a Central Component of Australian Financial Reporting There is no specific definition of True and Fair View. But, it is well-known that the True and Fair View requirement is an essential element of Australian financial reporting. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the main reason is that, as per the section 297 of Corporations Act, business organizations are obliged to turn out true and fair financial statements to improve the level of transparency as well as accountability in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Vladu, Mati, Salas, 2012). On the other hand, true and fair view plays a significant role in order to reveal the financial position as well as performance of the company in an accurate way. In addition to this, the financial statements for a financial year offer a true and fair view of the financial position as well as performance of the consolidated entity at what time consolidated financial statements are requisite by the public or government bodies. Along with this, True and Fair View requirement con sists of all the financial information of business organizations that is essential to improve the level of transparency and simplicity in an effective way (International Monetary Fund. 2006). For that reason True and Fair View requirement is considered as a crucial element of Australian financial reporting. Public Companies, But Not the Private Companies, Require To Produce GPFRs It is true that public companies are obliged to produce GPFRs. But, private companies are free from to produce GPFRs. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the major reason behind it is that all the public companies as well as large proprietary companies are reporting entities. All reporting entities are obliged to prepare GPFRs (Bandy, 2013). Apart from this, private companies are the non-reporting companies and for that reason they are not obliged to make GPFRs. On the other hand, people invest their money only in the public listed companies and therefore they need all the financial information related to the companies in order to predict future profitability of the companies in an accurate way. Apart from this, private companies do not make GPFRs because of there is no specific need to demonstrate all the financial statements of the organizations to the public (Parker Graham, 2008). In addition to this, public companies have some accountability to the government of the nation. They are obliged to fulfill their liability or accountability in a proper way. If public companies are unable to execute their accountability then GPFRs permit management as well as governing bodies to fulfill their accountability in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. This is also the major reason that public companies are compelled to prepare GPFRs and these reposts must be as per the accounting standards of the nation (Parker Graham, 2008). Apart from this, private companies do not have any specific liability to perform to the government. They are only obliged to fulfill all the common liabilities towards the government of the nation. For that reason; there is no specific need to prepare GPFRs to the private companies. In this way, these are the main reasons for those public companies, but not the private companies are obligated to prepare GPFRs. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) In current, IFRS has become the global standard in order to prepare financial statements of public companies. IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) are a set of accounting standards that are developed by the IASB (International Accounting Standards Board). Along with this, IFRS indicate a set of GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) that are used by companies in order to prepare financial statements in an effective and a significant manner. Moreover, IFRS are planned as a common global language; so that company accounts may be comprehensible as well as analogous crosswise international boundaries (Mirza, Holt Orrell, 2010). In addition to this, IFRS (a set of international accounting standards) play a major role to explain that how particular types of transactions as well as other events must be reported in the financial statements of the firms. Moreover, IFRS are essential to indicate that how accountants must maintain as well as report their accounts exactly. IFRS were developed to have a general accounting language, as a result business as well as accounts can be recognized from company to company as well as country to country (Wiley-VCH, 2011). Apart from this, IFRS play a critical role in order to maintain stability as well as transparency all the way through the financial world. On the other hand, IFRS are very helpful to businesses as well as individual investors in order to make well-informed financial decisions. It is because of with the help of IFRS, businesses and investors would be proficient to perceive right that what has been going on with a corporation in which they desire to invest their money. In this way, it can be said that IFRS are an effective set of accounting standards that are developed as well as maintained by the IABS in an effective way (Ankarath, Mehta, Ghosh, Alkafaji, 2010). Moreover, with the help of IFRS standards, the business organizations and other people who are willing to invest their money would be able to compare the financial performance of the publicly listed companies and would also be able to make investment decisions in an appropriate way. Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be assumed that GPFRs are very essential for the public companies. Moreover, public companies are required to prepare GPFRs as per the pre-determined accounting standards. It is also observed that, private companies are not obliged to prepare GPFRs. Apart from this, it can be observed that, there are numerous differences between general purpose financial reports and special purpose financial statements. The major difference is that GPFRs are prepared to the public while special purpose statements are prepared to some specific people such as: management of the firm, government entities and so on. Also, it is examined that, GPFRs plays a momentous role in order to reveal the transparency and to improve the efficiency of the business organizations in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Finally, it is also observed that IFRS are the global accounting standards that are developed by the IASB in order to maintain transparency as well as ac countability in the financial statements of the business organizations. References Albrecht, W.S., Stice, E.K., Stice, J.D. (2007). Financial Accounting. Australia: Cengage Learning. Ankarath, N., Mehta, K.J., Ghosh, T.P., Alkafaji, Y.A. (2010). Understanding IFRS Fundamentals: International Financial Reporting Standards. US: John Wiley Sons. Bandy, G. (2013). Financial Management and Accounting in the Public Sector. NY: Routledge. Bazley, M., Hancock, P., Robinson, P. (2014). Contemporary Accounting PDF. Australia: Cengage Learning Australia. Berrington, M., Bhandari, V. (2011). Pinnacle Financial Statements, Volume 2. Australia: IFRS SYSTEM. Elliott, B., Elliott, J. (2007). Financial accounting and reporting. Australia: Pearson Education. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015). Issues in Financial Accounting. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. International Monetary Fund. (2006). Australia: Financial Sector Assessment Program - Technical Note - Investor Protection, Disclosure, and Financial Literacy. Australia: International Monetary Fund. Kieso, D.E., Warfield, T.D., Weygandt, J.J. (2011). Intermediate Accounting, Study Guide. UK: John Wiley Sons. Krambia-Kapardis, M., Clark, C. (2010). Public Sector Financial Reporting. A Users Needs Study in Cyprus, Lemesos-Cyprus. Mather, P., Ramsay, A., Serry, A. (1996). The use and representational faithfulness of graphs in annual reports: Australian evidence. Australian Accounting Review, 6(12), 56-63. Mirza, A.A., Holt, G., Orrell, M. (2010). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Workbook and Guide: Practical insights, Case studies, Multiple-choice questions, Illustrations. US: John Wiley Sons. Parker, X.L., Graham, L. (2008). Information Technology Audits 2008. Australia: CCH. Vladu, A.B., Mati, D. and Salas, O.M. (2012). True And Fair View And Creative Accounting Conceptual Delimitations Based On Papineau`S Tree Methodology. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 14(1), pp. 104-115. Wiley-VCH (2011). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) 2011. US: John Wiley Sons.

WRITE T for true and F for false. Essays - Writing,

WRITE T for true and F for false. 1. Jargon refers to words that are specific to a particular discipline. 2. Annotating is part of during reading strategies. 3. Topic sentences are always found at the beginning of each paragraph. 4. Sources that have no relevance to your topic should be included in your academic writing. 5. The thesis of a text is in declarative form. 6. We trust sources that are found in television and magazines. 7. To inform is one of the specific purposes of academic writing. 8. A strategy used in reducing a long paragraph into a shorter one is called paraphrasing. 9. A summary is crucial in essay writing because it will establish the "shape" an essay will take. 10. The main headings in an outline are indicated by capital letters. FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE MISSING WORD/WORDS. The outline's _______ gives an overview of the text. Since mathematics deals with numbers and patterns, it is expected to be an _______ discipline. The humanities on the other hand, are a set of disciplines that attempt to capture the richness of the human _________. A critical reading strategy in which one writes marginal notes, underlines, encircles, or highlights important words, phrases, or sentences is called ___________. _________ is a strategy used to organize thought or identify the main point and supporting ideas of the text. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES BY WRITING THE APPROPRIATE HEDGES (certainly, possible, seem, may, suggested). 16. Vygotsky ________ an idea similar to Chomsky's: according to him, language and rationality, though they have different roots, intertwine at some points in a person's development. 17. In this paradigm, grammatical errors committed by children _ ____ to be a bad habit, and at an early stage, should be corrected so that it would not become a "fossilized" error. 18. The reality of language is _______ one of the most fascinating phenomena in human civilization. 19. The best time to acquire a language is prior to puberty when the brain cells are still developing and can easily absorb knowledge. This was first ______ by the neurophysiologist Penfield (Stern, 1983). 20. When a child turns two, he enters what Piaget termed as preoperational stage. In this part of human development, children ______ now be capable of storing internal images which represent their view of reality 21. It is _______ that a child at this stage is egocentric, as a result of his being the center of attention in his early years, and uses language to satisfy his needs. 22-25 Ways of annotating a text. 26-27 Reasons why critical reading is important. 28-30 Examples of Academic Texts